([1]) : ɡ ʡ ѡ . ɡ ɡ . . : Ϻ Grande Corruption Petite Corruption ɡ ɡ . ([2]) Everyday Life Corruption. ʡ Business Corruption . Corruption of Need Corruption of Greed. ɡ ɡ ҡ ӡ ġ ([3]). : ɡ . Professional Misconduct ɡ ([4]). ɡ ɡ : ɡ . ڡ ڡ . ϡ ѡ ʡ . . : " ". : " " . ѡ . ʡ . . ǡ : ڡ ([6]) . 2,3 % 2005 . . : (1) | | | % | | ( ) ( ) | 98 36 38 10 7 9 | 49.4% 18.1% 19.2% 5.0% 3.5% 4.5% | | | 123 66 | 766% 33.3% |
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| 140 58 | 71% 29% |
49,4% ɡ 19,2% ʡ 18,1% ɡ 5% ɡ 3,5% ɡ 4,5% . 66,7% ɡ 33,3% . 71% 29% . ([7]) : : . 84,8% ʡ 74,7% ɡ 38,9% 17,7% 8,6% 6,1%. ( ) 37,9% 76,3% ɡ 53% . INDEM Foundation (2001), Diagnostics of corruption in Russia: Sociological analysis", The world Bank. Ashour, A.S(2004), " Integrity, Transparency, and accountability in Public Sector", UNDP, Concept Paper. Brayton, J. and Bayer, A.(1999). "Faculty Misconduct in Collegiate Teaching", Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins, University press. Heyneman, S, Anderson, K. and Nuraliyeva, N(2006), "The cost of corruption in Higher education", conference on the economics of education, institute for the study of economic of education, Dijon, France, June.
http://www.developmentgateway.com. http://web.worldbank.org http://humandevelopment.bu.edu
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