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([1])

:

      ɡ ʡ ѡ .   ɡ ɡ .

          .

 

:

          Ϻ                                     Grande Corruption Petite Corruption ɡ   ɡ .

            ([2]) Everyday Life Corruption. ʡ Business Corruption .

              Corruption of Need Corruption of Greed. ɡ ɡ ҡ ӡ ġ ([3]).

  :

 

         ɡ   . Professional Misconduct ɡ   ([4]).

 

         ɡ ɡ   : ɡ .

 

         ڡ ڡ .

 

         ϡ   ѡ ʡ .

 

         . [5]: " ". : " " . ѡ .

 

         ʡ . .

 

         ǡ

 

:

 

           ڡ ([6]) . 2,3 % 2005 . . :

 

(1)

 

 

%

 

 

 

 

( )

( )

98

36

38

10

7

9

49.4%

18.1%

19.2%

5.0%

3.5%

4.5%

 

 

123

66

766%

33.3%

140

58

71%

29%

 

49,4% ɡ 19,2% ʡ 18,1% ɡ 5% ɡ 3,5% ɡ 4,5% . 66,7% ɡ 33,3% . 71% 29% .

([7]) :

 

:

 

           . 84,8%   ʡ 74,7% ɡ 38,9% 17,7% 8,6% 6,1%.

 

( ) 37,9% 76,3% ɡ 53% .

[1] " " ѡ " .. " " ( )".

 

[2] INDEM Foundation (2001), Diagnostics of corruption in Russia: Sociological analysis", The world Bank.

[3] Ashour, A.S(2004), " Integrity, Transparency, and accountability in Public Sector", UNDP, Concept Paper.

[4] Brayton, J. and Bayer, A.(1999). "Faculty Misconduct in Collegiate Teaching", Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins, University press.

[5] (1834-1902)     .

[6] 157,178 2005 3,915 ӡ 2,402. 703,112,922 2005 157,178 ȡ 4,473 .

[7] Heyneman, S, Anderson, K. and Nuraliyeva, N(2006), "The cost of corruption in Higher education", conference on the economics of education, institute for the study of economic of education, Dijon, France, June.

 http://www.developmentgateway.com.

http://www.transparency.org

http://web.worldbank.org

http://humandevelopment.bu.edu

http://www.tiindia.in/data

http://app.cpib.gov.

http://usinfo.state.gov

http://samvak.tripod.com/corruption.html

http://www.hbadrawi.com

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2018
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Professor / Mohamed Abdelghany Abdelhamid Sayed

(Department of the educational - Arab Republic of Egypt)
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